1For all this I noted, and I ascertainedaascertained Meaning of verb uncertain; construction as in Hos. 12.3; Ezra 3.12. all this: that the actions of even the righteous and the wise are determined by God. Even love! Even hate! Humankind knows none of these in advance—
2none!bEven love! Even hate! Humankind knows none of these in advance—none! Emendation yields “Even love, even hate, no one can know in advance. All 2are insignificant.” For the same fate is in store for all: for the righteous, and for the wicked; for the good and pure,cthe good and pure I.e., those who observe the laws of ritual purity. and for the impure; for one who sacrifices, and for one who does not;dCf. 4.17. for one who is pleasing,epleasing To God; cf. 2.26; 7.26. and for one who is displeasing; and for one who swears, and for one who shuns oaths.fCf. 8.2.
3That is the sad thing about all that goes on under the sun: that the same fate is in store for all. (Not only that, but people’s hearts are full of sadness, and their minds of madness, while they live; and then—to the dead!)
4For one who is reckoned amonggreckoned among Lit. “joined to all.” the living has something to look forward to—even a live dog is better than a dead lion—
5since the living know they will die. But the dead know nothing; they have no more recompense,hrecompense Emendation yields “hope.” for even the memory of them has died.
6Their loves, their hates, their jealousies have long since perished; and they have no more share till the end of time in all that goes on under the sun.
7Go, [my son,] eat your bread in gladness, and drink your wine in joy; for your action was long ago approved by God.iapproved by God Cf. 2.24–25; 3.13; 5.18.
8Let your clothes always be freshly washed, and your head never lack ointment.
9Enjoy happiness with a woman you love all the fleeting days of life that have been granted to you under the sun—all your fleeting days. For that alone is what you can get out of life and out of the means you acquire under the sun.
10Whatever it is in your power to do, do with all your might. For there is no action, no reasoning, no learning, no wisdom in Sheol, where you are going.
11I have further observed under the sun thatThe race is not won by the swift,Nor the battle by the valiant;Nor is bread won by the wise,Nor wealth by the intelligent,Nor favor by the learned.For the time of mischancejtime of mischance Euphemism for death. comes to all.kI.e., the insignificant duration of life renders all successes illusory; cf. 4.15–16.
12And human beings cannot even know their time. As fishes are enmeshed in a fatal net, and as birds are trapped in a snare, so humans are caught at the time of calamity,ltime of calamity Euphemism for death. when it comes upon them without warning.
13This thing too I observed under the sun about wisdom, and it affected me profoundly.
14There was a little city, with few menmmen I.e., potential defenders. in it; and to it came a great king, who invested it and built mighty siege works against it.
15Present in the city was a poor wise man who might have savednwho might have saved Or “and it was he who saved.” it with his wisdom, but nobody thought ofothought of Or “remembered.” that poor man.
16So I observed: Wisdom is better than valor; butThe wisdom of the poor is scorned,And their words are not heeded.
17pThese verses constitute a group of loosely connected aphorisms. Words spoken softly by wise men are heeded sooner than those shouted by a lord in folly.qsooner than those shouted by a lord in folly Lit. “than the scream of a lord in [the manner of] the fools.”
18Wisdom is more valuable than weapons of war,rweapons of war Emendation yields “everything precious.” but a single error destroys much of value.